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wikipedia>John of Reading: Typo/quotemark fixes, replaced: ’s → 's, Airmanshp → Airmanship per source

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Typo/quotemark fixes, replaced: ’s → 's, Airmanshp → Airmanship per source

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{{Short description|Skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation, similar to seamanship in maritime navigation}}
{{wiktionarypar|airmanship}}
[[File:330-PSA-230-60 (USN 710806) (20674804784).jpg|thumb|312x312px|John F. Davis receives the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] “For... establishing a new world record... for class “c” jet aircraft on a 100 kilometer closed course. In the preparation for and execution of this flight, he exercised brilliant '''airmanship'''."]]
'''Airmanship''' is skill and knowledge applied to [[Air navigation|aerial navigation]], similar to [[seamanship]] in maritime navigation. Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an [[aviator]]. It is not simply a measure of skill or technique, but also a measure of a pilot's awareness of the [[aircraft]], the environment in which it operates, and of their own capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Airmanship |date=2006-11-09 |first=Chris, CFI |last=DeMaria |accessdate=2007-02-24 |url=http://www.aviationchannel.com/article/article.php?id=5 |publisher=Aviation Channel}}</ref>

== Definition ==
Airmanship is a quality comprehensive of all aspects of flight, ranging from control, navigation, awareness, and decision-making.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innerairmanship.com/asstd/index.html |title= Inner? Art? Airmanship? |last= English |first= Dave |date= 2018-06-01 |website= Inner Art of Airmanship |access-date= 2018-06-14 |quote= "Airmanship is a multi-dimensional concept."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lankford |first=Terry T. |others=Introduction by Tony Kern |title=Controlling Pilot Error: Weather |year=1998 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=0-07-137328-4 |pages=xvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0071373284 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kern |first=Anthony T |author2=Kern, Tony |title=Redefining Airmanship |year=1997 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=0-07-034284-9 |pages=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0070342849}}</ref> Airmanship may be derived from applied discipline and extensive training.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kern |first1=Anthony T |last2=Kern |first2=Tony |title=Flight Discipline |year=1998 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=0-07-034371-3 |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0070343713}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Ebbage |first1= L. |last2= Spencer |first2= P. D. |date= 2003 |title= Airmanship training for modern aircrew |journal= Paper Presented at the TRO HFM Symposium Advanced Technologies for Military Training (Technologies Avanc — Es Pour Lentra — Nement Militaire). |location= Genoa, Italy |volume= RTO-MP-HFM-101}}</ref>

Airmanship is defined by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) as a "broad term that includes a sound knowledge of and experience with the principles of flight; the knowledge, experience, and ability to operate an aircraft with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air; and the application of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency."<ref>{{cite book |author1=Federal Aviation Administration |title=Airplane Flying Handbook |publisher=US Department of Transportation |url=https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/airplane_handbook/00_afh_full.pdf |access-date=22 April 2023 |id=FAA-H-8083-3C}}</ref>

The United Kingdom [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA) describes airmanship as "a somewhat controversial and vague expression intended to convey a measure of understanding; experience; or, more succinctly, aviation 'common-sense'. What can be said is that 'Airmanship' is something gained from exposure to the experiences and sage advice of other aviators; properly thinking about and understanding the application of rules, procedures and airspace; and a healthy dose of self-preservation."<ref name="UK CAA">Analysis of Airprox in UK Airspace. Report Number 29, January 2013 – December 2013. [https://www.ukfsc.co.uk/wp-content/public_pdfs/CAA_Plans_Reports/UKAB-Analysis-of-Airprox-in-UK-Airspace-2013-posted-March-2015.pdf]</ref>

==Principles==
A core principle of airmanship taught to student pilots is "Aviate, Navigate, Communicate", to remind them of priorities during an emergency. The highest priority is to keep the aircraft flying, avoiding loss of control or [[controlled flight into terrain]]. Next, the pilot(s) should verify their location and navigate toward a suitable destination. Communication with [[air traffic control]] or other planes is the third highest priority.<ref name="FAA">{{cite web |title=Fly the Aircraft First |url=https://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2018/media/SE_Topic_18-07.pdf |website=faa.gov |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="IFA">{{cite web |title=Setting Priorities - Aviate, Navigate, Communicate |url=https://iflyamerica.org/safety_setting_priorities_aviate_navigate_communicate.asp |website=iflyamerica.org |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Navigator">{{cite journal |title=Tweet|journal=The Navigator |date=1978 |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKs5AQAAMAAJ |access-date=20 April 2023 |publisher=Department of the Air Force, Air Training Command |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Stowell">{{cite book |last1=Stowell |first1=Rich |title=Emergency Maneuver Training: Controlling Your Airplane During a Crisis |date=1996 |publisher=Rich Stowell, Master CFI-A |isbn=978-1-879425-92-7 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4nGtx-_jHUC |access-date=20 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Billings">{{cite book |last1=Billings |first1=Charles E. |title=Human-centered Aircraft Automation: A Concept and Guidelines |date=1991 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Q3AQAAMAAJ |access-date=20 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The actions of Captain [[Alfred C. Haynes]] and the crew of [[United Airlines Flight 232]] while dealing with their crippled [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] are cited as quality airmanship.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galison |first=Peter |title=Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2000 |isbn=0-7923-6037-0 |pages=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0792360370}}</ref> They were able to bring their craft to a survivable "controlled crash" in [[Sioux City, Iowa]], after a complete loss of all [[Aircraft flight control system|flight controls]] following an engine failure in July 1989. They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using [[differential engine thrust]] on the two working engines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kern |first1=Anthony T |last2=Kern |first2=Tony |title=Redefining Airmanship |year=1997 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=0-07-034284-9 |pages=283–301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0070342849}}</ref> Captain Haynes credited his [[Crew Resource Management]] training as one of the key factors that saved his and his passengers' lives.<ref>[http://yarchive.net/air/airliners/dc10_sioux_city.html Haynes' Eyewitness account] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026210937/http://yarchive.net/air/airliners/dc10_sioux_city.html |date=2013-10-26}}</ref>

=== Lack of airmanship in accidents ===
==== General or commercial aviation ====
The U.S. [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of [[probable cause]] in [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation accidents]], although it is implicit in many of the [[pilot error]] causes it often uses. For example, in its report on the December 1, 1993, fatal crash of [[Northwest Airlink Flight 5719]], the NTSB determined the "failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship" was a contributing factor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/GenPDF.asp?id=DCA94MA022&rpt=fi |date=1994-12-27 |accessdate=2007-02-24 |title=NTSB brief of accident DCA94MA022}}</ref>

In a 2005 [[business jet]] accident at [[Teterboro Airport]], NTSB investigator Steve Demko said determining an aircraft's [[weight and balance]] before takeoff is "basic airmanship," a "Flying 101 type of thing."<ref>{{cite web |last=Collogan |first=David |date=6 November 2006 |title=NTSB Critical Of Failures In Challenger Overrun At TEB |accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=aviationweek.com |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=businessweekly&id=news/TEB11066.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709125053/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=businessweekly&id=news/TEB11066.xml |archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> Similarly, in the [[2006 New York City plane crash]] that killed [[New York Yankees]] pitcher [[Cory Lidle]], the NTSB cited "inadequate judgment, planning and airmanship" in its probable cause determination.<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Associated Press |title=Lidle crash was pilot error |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/lidle-crash-pilot-error-article-1.253252 |website=New York Daily News |access-date=22 April 2023 |date=1 May 2007}}</ref>

==== Military aviation ====
For [[fighter pilot]]s operating [[combat aircraft]], failures in airmanship can be disastrous. For example, in the [[Tarnak Farm incident]] in Afghanistan, the pilot of a U.S. [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] mistakenly targeted a {{convert|500|lb|kg}} [[laser-guided bomb]] on training Canadian troops in April 2003, killing four of them. A "failure of airmanship" was cited by [[Maurice Baril]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2002-06-28 |title=Pilots blamed for 'friendly fire' deaths |accessdate=2007-03-01 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2073024.stm}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aircraft operations]]
[[Category:Aviation safety]]

Airmanship - Revision history

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wikipedia>John of Reading: Typo/quotemark fixes, replaced: ’s → 's, Airmanshp → Airmanship per source