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{{Short description|Aviation safety system}}
[[File:9cMCO-Curved-RELs.jpg|alt=Runway Status Lighting (RWSL) activated at San Diego International Airport|thumb|Runway Status Lighting (RWSL) activated at [[San Diego International Airport]]]]
'''Runway Status Lights''' ('''RWSL''') are a visual alerting system installed in some [[airport]] taxiways and runways for the purpose of collision-avoidance. When illuminated, red high-intensity [[Light-emitting diode|LEDs]] indicate the presence of another vehicle either departing, occupying, or [[landing]] on an [[Active Runway|active runway]]. RWSL systems are fully-automated and intended to alert [[Aircrew|aircrews]] and ground vehicle operators of a potential [[runway incursion]] hazard. They operate as an additional layer of safety, independent of human-issued [[air traffic control]] clearances.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Runway Status Lights: Protecting aircraft when they are most vulnerable|url=https://www.ll.mit.edu/sites/default/files/page/doc/2018-06/19_1_LabNotes.pdf|journal=LabNotes: News from Around Lincoln Laboratory|volume=19|issue=1|pages=9–12|access-date=2021-05-29|via=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>

The system works by processing traffic position and movement data generated by [[Transponder (aeronautics)|transponders]] aboard [[aircraft]] and airside ground-vehicles such as [[aircraft rescue and firefighting|aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) units]], [[Pushback (aviation)|aircraft tugs]], and [[Snowplow|snow-clearing equipment]]. That data is concentrated by [[ASDE-X|Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)]] or [[Airport Surface Surveillance Capability|Airport Surface Surveillance Capability (ASSC)]] systems and fed to a path-predicting computer [[algorithm]]. If potential traffic conflicts are detected, the appropriate lights are automatically turned on or off according to the system's [[control logic]].

==Background==
At all airports with [[Air-traffic-control tower|air-traffic-control towers]], the movement of airside vehicles is coordinated by [[Air traffic controller|controllers]] who ensure efficient and safe operation through the use of ''clearances'' and ''separation standards''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aeronautical Information Manual - Chapter 4: ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation|url=https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap4_section_4.html|access-date=May 28, 2021|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|publication-date=December 31, 2020|edition=3}}</ref> With few exceptions (like an aircraft occupying a runway under a "line up and wait" clearance), an active runway is typically used by only one entity at a time. When an unauthorized person or vehicle enters a runway, whether intentional or accidental, the conflict is known as a [[runway incursion]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Runway Incursions|url=https://www.faa.gov/airports/runway_safety/resources/runway_incursions/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.faa.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> Many notable [[aviation accidents and incidents]] have been caused by such a scenario, including the [[Tenerife airport disaster]], which remains the deadliest airplane accident in history.
[[File:Runway Status Lights (RWSL) operational concept.jpg|thumb|RWSL Operational Concept]]
By the mid-1980s, runway incursion prevention began to attract special attention from aviation authorities, especially in the United States. After several high-profile accidents including [[Eastern Airlines 111]] and the [[1991 Los Angeles airport runway collision]], the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] highlighted the need to find new technologies that could address the issue. In 1991, the NTSB issued a formal safety recommendation that the directed the FAA to develop "an alternate, cost effective, system to bring controller and pilot attention to pending runway incursions in time to prevent ground collisions."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kolstad|first=James|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-recs/recletters/A91_27_31.pdf|title=Safety Recommendation: 1991-06-12|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publication-date=1991-06-12|pages=8|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>

Development on RWSL began as early as 1992 by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology's]] [[Lincoln Lab|Lincoln Laboratory]]. According to an FAA statement, the system was to include "lights, positioned at the edge of the runway so that they would be visible from aircraft cockpits at the runway entrances, [that] would be activated when sensors notified the system of aircraft on approach or aircraft accelerating and decelerating on the runway."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Jim|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NTSB-Letter-2000-07-06.pdf|title=Safety Recommendation - 2000-07-06|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|publication-date=2000-07-06|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref> The initial proof-of-concept began in 1992 at Boston's [[Logan International Airport]] with a [[Scale model|model-board]] driven by algorithms processing inputs from [[Marine radar|marine-band radar]] and the [[Automated Radar Terminal System|Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS)]]. After proceeding with installation of over 170 lights in the real-world environment and collecting data across 8,298 aircraft operations, the system was determined to be feasible and successful at meeting its objectives. During the proof-of-concept, the RWSL achieved over 98% agreement with ATC-issued instructions.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Vern|url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/35702|title=Runway Status Light Evaluation Report|last2=Daskalakis|first2=A.C.|last3=Oswald|first3=L.J.|last4=Brading|first4=John|last5=Warren|first5=Ronald|last6=Dawes|first6=Ned|last7=Ubnoske|first7=Mike|publisher=[[US Department of Transportation]]|year=1998|location=[[Cambridge, MA]]|pages=xvii-xx|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>

In 2010, FAA approved funding to install RWSL at 23 airports from fiscal year 2011 to fiscal year 2016 at a cost of $327 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hampton|first=Matthew|date=June 23, 2014|title=FAA Operational and Programmatic Deficiencies Impede Integration of Runway Safety Technologies|url=https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Surface%20Surveillance%20Technologies%5E6-26-14.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=[[US Department of Transportation]]}}</ref>

==Components==
[[File:Single-THL.jpg|alt=Takeoff Hold Light (THL) installed in a taxiway|thumb|Runway entrance light (REL) installed in a taxiway]]Two subsystems, the RWSL Processor and the Field Lighting System (FLS), work together to automatically illuminate and extinguish the in-pavement lights. The processor uses surveillance data to analyze real-time airport surface operations. The FLS provides the physical interface from the processor to the runway lights.

*RWSL Processor
* Field Lighting System (FLS)
** Runway Entrance Lights (REL): Red unidirectional lights along taxiway centerlines entering a runway.
** Takeoff Hold Lights (THL): Red unidirectional lights in a double-longitudinal row, located parallel to runway centerline lighting.
** Runway Intersection Lights (RIL): Similar to THLs, but located on a runway, prior to intersection with another runway.

On taxiways, Runway Entrance Lights (RELs) show that runways are not safe to enter or cross. On runways, Takeoff Hold Lights (THLs) show pilots that it is not yet safe to begin their takeoff.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/engineering_briefs/media/EB-64d.pdf|title=RUNWAY STATUS LIGHTS SYSTEM: Engineering Brief #64D|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|publication-date=2011-05-09|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>

== Deployment ==
As of November 2022 the FAA has RWSL systems in operation at twenty US airports:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Runway Status Lights|url=https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/technology/rwsl/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.faa.gov|language=en-us}}</ref>
*[[Orlando International Airport]] (Orlando, FL)
*[[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]] (Phoenix, AZ)
*[[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]] (Houston, TX)
*[[Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport]] (Baltimore, MD)
*[[Harry Reid International Airport]] (Las Vegas, NV)
*[[Charlotte Douglas International Airport]] (Charlotte, NC)
*[[Los Angeles International Airport]] (Los Angeles, CA)
*[[Seattle-Tacoma International Airport]] (Seattle, WA)
*[[Chicago O’Hare International Airport]] (Chicago, IL)
*[[Washington Dulles International Airport]] (Chantilly, VA)
*[[LaGuardia Airport]] (New York, NY)
*[[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (New York, NY)
*[[Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport]] (Minneapolis, MN)
*[[Newark International Airport]] (Newark, NJ)
*[[Detroit Metro Wayne County Airport]] (Detroit, MI)
*[[Ft. Lauderdale/Hollywood Airport]] (Ft. Lauderdale, FL)
*[[San Francisco International Airport]] (San Francisco, CA)
*[[General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport]] (Boston, MA)
*[[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]] (Dallas/Fort Worth, TX)
*[[San Diego International Airport|San Diego International Airport/Lindbergh Field]] (San Diego, CA)

As of 2016, [[Eurocontrol]] had deployed RWSL at one facility; [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] in [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.eurocockpit.be/sites/default/files/2017-12/EAPPRI%20v.3%2C%202017.pdf|title=European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions (EAPPRI 3.0)|publisher=[[Eurocontrol]]|edition=1|publication-date=2017-11-20|pages=136|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Mouawad, Jad. "Safer Flights, But Risk Lurks on the Runway." ''New York Times.'' New York Times, 24 Sept 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
*Kaiser, Kimberly. "San Diego Int'l Switches to LED Runway Status Lights." ''Airport Improvement Magazine.'' Chapel Road Communications, LLC, May 2012. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*Gersema, Emma. "Phoenix Sky Harbor, Other Airports Get Safety Upgrades." ''Azcentral.com.'' Azcentral.com, 26 May 2012. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*Turner, Aimee. "LAX Runway Status Lighting Advances." ''Airtrafficmanagement.net.'' Key Publishing Ltd Corporate, 9 May 2012. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*Aviation News Network. "Los Angeles, FAA To Advance Runway Lights Program." ''Aviation News Today.'' Aviationnews.net, 18 Apr 2012. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*Weikel, Dan. "More Runway Warning Lights Will Be Added at LAX to Increase Safety." ''Los Angeles Times.'' Tribune Company. 16 Apr 2012. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*Namowitz, Dan. "Real-Time Runway Status Alerts Coming." ''Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Online.'' Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. 28 Oct 2011. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*AeroSafety World Magazine. "Timing is Everything." ''AeroSafety World Magazine.'' Flight Safety Foundation. Sept 2008. Web. 5 Oct 2012.
*Levin, Alan. "Runway Safety Has Pilots Seeing Red." ''USA Today.'' Garnett Co, Inc 24 Apr 2006. Web. 5 Oct 2012.

[[Category:Aviation safety]]

Runway status lights - Revision history

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